effect of microwave on human body ppt

This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. PubMed Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? Wi-Fi is an important threat to human health - PubMed Trends Neurosci. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. PubMed Central Google Scholar. Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. Li Z, Peng RY, Wang SM, Wang LF, Gao YB, Ji D, et al. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. Int J Radiat Biol. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: Google Scholar. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. 2015;91:30611. J Neurosci Methods. Electromagnetic fields (EMF): do they play a role in children's environmental health (CEH)? Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. Behav Brain Res. Google Scholar. Rev Environ Health. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. Arch Environ Health. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. PubMed 2006;12:44651. 2009;63:10106. [82] exposed animals to 900MHz microwave radiation for 2h/d for 10months and removed the brain tissues. Biomed Environ Sci. Google Scholar. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. Article Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. Zhi, WJ., Wang, LF. Cosquer et al. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. Curr Opin Neurobiol. Behav Brain Res. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. 1984;4:285665. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. J Sleep Res. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. Springer Nature. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. J Neuro-Oncol. Regional cerebral glucose uptake in the 3xTG model of Alzheimer's disease highlights common regional vulnerability across AD mouse models. 2011;35:36978. Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. 2003;11:346. Moreover, the risk of developing Alzheimers disease is 3040% lower in people who use a mobile phone for more than 10years than in other individuals [35]. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. 2008;169:3845. 2015;91:42634. 2009;64:2314. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. PubMed Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. Article 2014;8:63. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. Behav Brain Res. 2005;161:52635. & Hu, XJ. Int J Hyg Environ Health. Phot J. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Cull-Candy SG, Leszkiewicz DN. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2013;17:711. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. Electromagn Biol Med. Chin J Indus Hyg. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. J Neurosci. P Nat Acad. PubMed [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. 2013;42:428. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. Bioelectromagnetics. J Electromagnet Anal. California Privacy Statement, All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. Trends Cell Biol. Article 2016;74:99107. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. 2005;22:32931. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1999;4:102. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. The conclusions are shown in Table3. [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings - SlideShare Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. However, to date, with the exception of high-power microwave radiation, which has widely established hazardous effects, the biological effects of microwaves remain controversial. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Verma et al. 2008;29:52738. Radiat Res. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. Mil Med Sci. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. Kwon et al. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. 2003;14:2436. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. CAS Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. radiations. Military Medical Research One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. Int J Occup Environ Health. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. 2010;473:525. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. Wang Q, Cao Z. J Mol Neurosci. J Neuro. Electromagn Biol Med. Microwave Radiation Effects on Humans - JSTOR To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. Neuroreport. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. J Natl Cancer Inst. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. broad definition in terms of frequencies between. Qiao et al. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. Google Scholar. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. Fragopoulou et al. 2014;53:22230. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Gold PE. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. 1994;15:95104. 1997;44:99104. 2010;28:445. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. 2017;52:23947. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. Motawi et al. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. 2014;70:84555. Sareesh et al. Zhao L, Peng RY, Gao YB, Wang SM, Wang LF, Dong J, et al. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. Starting with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site, Wang et al. Wang et al. 2004;996:8996. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. 1988;9:33745. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation - Health Effects | Occupational Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. 2011;31:2293301. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. Int J Radiat Biol. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Google Scholar. Annu Rev Physiol. Technol Cancer Res Treat. Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. By using this website, you agree to our The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. Correspondence to 2015;140:23646. 2011;18:32533. Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. 2004;115:1490505. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. Brain Res. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. PDF Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health: A Review of Sources and Effects It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. Chin J Birth Health Hered. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. Mol Neurobiol. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. Biomed Environ Sci. . 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. Cell Biochem Biophys. Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Richter et al. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. 2005;360:6577. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. Professor, Asst Director at VIT Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. PPT Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. Neurobiol Learn Mem. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. Merola et al. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. PubMed Int J Radiat Biol. Exp Neurobiol. Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation - tandfonline.com The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. Google Scholar. Am J Epidemiol. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. Clin Neurophysiol. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? 2004;25:4957. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. Article Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined.

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